Verdi Il trovatore
Tuesday 24 March 2026 - 20 h (Gala)
Thursday 26 March 2026 - 20 h
Part 1 : 1h10 | Interval : 25min | Part 2 : 1h05
Drama in four parts
Music by Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
Libretto by Salvatore Cammarano, completed by Leone Emmanuele Bardare, based on the drama El Trovador by Antonio García Gutiérrez
Premiere: Rome, Teatro Apollo, 19 January 1853
Production Opéra de Monte-Carlo,
in coproduction with Teatro Real de Madrid and Royal Danish Opera
Italians call Rigoletto, La traviata and Il Trovatore the “trilogia popolare”, an opera fan’s all-time favourites. The stories show Verdi’s passion for contemporary literature – Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas fils, the Spanish playwright Antonio García Gutiérrez –, and his fascination for characters from the edge of society. The deformed jester Rigoletto, the high-class escort Violetta Valéry, and the gypsy Azucena were considered unfit for principal roles in those days, especially when calling for your sympathy.
Il Trovatore is often ridiculised as a string of musical hits with a totally incomprehesible story. But when you boil it down, it is simple really: Two men fight for the love of a noble woman. One is a count, the other a gypsy soldier, but when in the end most of the main characters are dead, it turns out that the latter was the count’s long-lost brother.
The juxtaposition of female figures is great: the innocent object of desire, Leonora, tries to escape from her situation in the only ways possible for a girl of her standing – the monastery, and suicide. Azucena, on the other hand, is a magnificent portrait of a passionate, sometimes distraught, mature woman.
ORCHESTRE PHILHARMONIQUE DE MONTE-CARLO
Act I - The duel
The Aljafería palace of Aragon
Beneath the dark vaults of the palace, Ferrando, captain of Count di Luna’s guard, speaks of his master’s jealousy: each night, the Count prowls beneath the windows of Leonora, whom he loves and suspects of being drawn to the charms of a rival, a troubadour. To keep the soldiers alert, Ferrando recounts a dreadful legend: long ago, a gypsy woman accused of bewitching the Count’s younger brother was burned alive. To avenge her, her daughter Azucena abducted the child. Bones of a young boy were found among the ashes… yet the father never ceased to believe his son alive and urged his elder son, the Count di Luna, to pursue the search for his lost sibling relentlessly.
In the palace gardens, Leonora confides to her companion Inès the ardent love she once felt for a mysterious knight who had triumphed in a tournament. Years later, she realizes that the troubadour Manrico, who sings beneath her windows, is that same valiant warrior. Inès urges her mistress to renounce this love, sensing its ominous fate.
Night falls. The Count, still lurking near Leonora’s apartments, hears the troubadour’s song. Drawn by the music, Leonora descends into the gardens. Darkness breeds confusion: misled by the night, she throws herself into the Count’s arms before recognizing her true beloved. Humiliated, di Luna’s hatred is inflamed — Manrico is now both a romantic rival and a political enemy. The two men engage in a duel.
Act II - The gypsy
A gypsy encampment at the foot of the mountains
Amid anvils and flames, the gypsies greet the dawn. Azucena remains haunted by her visions, reliving the pyre on which her mother perished. She recounts to Manrico her mad act of vengeance: to avenge her mother’s death, she abducted the Count’s son to throw him into the fire — but in the confusion, she sacrificed her own child instead. The old Count’s son survived. Manrico listens, deeply shaken, without yet grasping the full meaning of her confession. He wonders whether he is truly Azucena’s son, but she reassures him and urges him to feel no remorse toward Count di Luna.
A messenger arrives with urgent news: Leonora, believing Manrico dead after the duel, is about to enter a convent. Despite his wounds and Azucena’s pleas, Manrico rushes to her side.
The Count di Luna, still obsessed, attempts to abduct Leonora from the convent just as she is about to take her vows. Manrico intervenes and wins the fight, fleeing with his beloved. The conflict between the two men has now escalated beyond repair: war has begun.
Act III - The Gypsy's Son
The camp of Count di Luna, beneath the fortress of Castellor
The Count’s troops besiege the fortress where Manrico and Leonora have taken refuge. Ferrando captures a wandering gypsy woman and brings her before the Count. Recognizing her as the daughter of the sorceress once condemned, di Luna realizes he finally holds a formidable means of pressure in his hands. The mother of his enemy will allow him to satisfy a double vengeance: for his murdered brother and for the love stolen by the troubadour.
As Manrico and Leonora prepare to unite in secret, the terrible news arrives: Azucena is to be burned alive. Manrico renounces happiness and rushes to his mother’s aid. Love yields to filial duty and revenge.
Act IV - The execution
The Aljafería Palace
Leonora wanders near the tower where Manrico and Azucena are imprisoned. From the depths of the dungeon rise a prayer and the troubadour’s voice. Determined to save him, she implores the Count and offers herself to him in exchange for Manrico’s life. Before revealing the truth to Manrico, she seals her sacrifice by secretly swallowing poison.
In the prison, Manrico tries to comfort Azucena, still haunted by the memory of the pyre. Leonora appears and announces their freedom, but Manrico realizes she will not flee with him. Believing himself betrayed, he rejects her - only to understand, too late, the sacrifice she has made.
Discovering he has been deceived, the Count orders the immediate execution of his rival, in whose arms Leonora dies.
Once the sentence has been carried out, Azucena reveals the ultimate truth: Manrico was the brother Count di Luna had been looking for since childhood.
Vengeance is fulfilled, leaving behind only ruin and silence.
Five facts to discover before the curtain rises
1
Giuseppe Verdi was personally involved in shaping the libretto of Il trovatore. Inspired by the Spanish drama El trovador by Antonio García Gutiérrez, the work was entrusted to librettist Salvadore Cammarano. His sudden death in 1852 brought the process to a halt. Verdi refused to abandon the project: he imposed his dramatic choices, demanded revisions, and ensured the coherence of the opera’s key scenes. Rarely has a composer exercised such direct control over the theatrical structure of an opera.
2
In contrast to the noble, self-sacrificing heroines of Romantic opera, Azucena is a harsh, tormented figure, obsessed with revenge and haunted by the memory of the pyre. By placing a gypsy woman at the heart of the drama, Verdi broke with the social and moral conventions of his time.
3
Premiered in 1853 at the Teatro Apollo in Rome, Il trovatore emerged in a still-fragmented Italy marked by political tension. Themes of vengeance, civil war, and loyalty to sworn oaths resonated strongly with the ideals of the Risorgimento. The Roman public, and the nation at large, embraced the work with immediate enthusiasm.
4
In the mid-20th century, Il trovatore underwent a profound dramatic reappraisal thanks to Maria Callas, who left an enduring mark on the work through her portrayal of Leonora, notably in 1956 at La Scala.
Through her dramatic commitment and deeply theatrical approach to singing, the character of Leonora was no longer confined to that of an elegiac, virtuoso heroine: Callas transformed her into a tragic figure, torn by inner contradictions and endowed with rare psychological intensity.
5
Il trovatore inspired several film adaptations from the mid-20th century onward. In 1949, Italian director Carmine Gallone released a filmed version starring Gino Sinimberghi, firmly rooted in the grand tradition of Italian operatic melodrama.
MAÎTRES D’ŒUVRE
Direction musicale
Giacomo Sagripanti
Mise en scène
Francisco Negrin
Décors et costumes
Louis Désiré
Lumières
Bruno Poet
Chef de chœur
Stefano Visconti
Chef de chant
David Zobel
Assistant à la mise en scène
Jean-Michel Criqui
Assistant aux lumières
Robert Butler
Assistant aux costumes
Nicolo Cristiano
SOLISTES
Le Comte de Luna
Artur Rucinski
Leonora
Alexandra Marcellier
Azucena
Varduhi Abrahamyan
Manrico
Piero Pretti
Ferrando
Evgeny Stavinsky
Inès
Annunziata Vestri
Ruiz
Reinaldo Macias
Le Messager
Benoit Gunalons
Mère d'Azucena
Morena di Vico
ENFANTS
Mathilda ACELLA NEGREVERGNE
Mathilde DELFINO
Raphaël DUCLOY
Joseph GRANGIE
Rosa PATEL
Serena POGGI
FIGURATION
Adrian CEROU
Guillaume GALLO MANRIQUE
Pierre LEPAGE
Nicolas LEROY
Nicolas VITALE
CHŒUR DE L’OPÉRA DE MONTE-CARLO
Chef de chœur
Stefano Visconti
Consultant pour l’organisation musicale & assistant chef de chœur
Aurelio Scotto
Régisseuse du chœur & bibliothécaire
Colette Audat
Sopranos I
Galia BAKALOV
Antonella CESARIO
Chiara IAIA
Emilia Illiano*
Giovanna MINNITI
Felicity MURPHY
Ronja Weyhenmeyer
Sopranos II
Rossella ANTONACCI
Ingrida Gapova*
VITTORIA GIACOBAZZI
Valérie MARRET
Letizia PIANIGIANI
Laura Maria ROMO CONTRERAS
Mezzo-sopranos
Pauline Descamps Silve*
Carlo Mattioli
Suma MELLANO
Laura Phelut*
Federica SPATOLA
Altos
Tina Chikvinidze*
Maria Carmen Ciuffreda
ORNELLA CORVI
Maria-Elisabetta DE GIORGI
Catia PIZZI
Rosa TORTORA
Ténors I
Walter BARBARIA
Francis Joseph Biyong Nguene
Lorenzo CALTAGIRONE
Vincenzo DI NOCERA
Thierry DIMEO
Caio Duran Previatti*
Nicolo LA FARCIOLA
Maximiliano Silvera*
Ténors II
Andrea Civetta
Jinhan Kim*
Sergio Martella*
Fabio MARZI
Manuel Murabito
Michele Pinto*
Adolfo SCOTTO DI LUZIO
Salvatore TAIELLO
Barytons
Przemyslaw Baranek
Jean-François Baron*
Fabio BONAVITA
Giulio Ceccarelli
Vincenzo CRISTOFOLI
Rosario Grauso*
Armando Napoletano*
Basses
Stefano Arnaudo
Daniele Del Bue
Stephen Fort*
Antoine Pluche*
Edgardo RINALDI
Matthew THISTLETON
Giuseppe Zema
*choristes supplémentaires pour les représentations d'Il trovatore
ORCHESTRE PHILHARMONIQUE DE MONTE-CARLO
Directeur artistique et musical
KAZUKI YAMADA
Régisseur Général
Frédéric Vitteaud
Régisseur
Samantha Raymondis
Régisseur technique
Patrick Pastor
Techniciens de scène
Jean-Marie Pastor
Mathieu Dubourg
Bibliothécaires
Orianne Planquart
Célia Giaccardi
Premiers violons
David Lefèvre (supersoliste)
Liza Kerob (supersoliste)
Sibylle Duchesne
Ilyoung Chae
Diana Mykhalevych
Mitchell Huang
Thierry Bautz
Isabelle Josso
Morgan Bodinaud
Milena Legourska
Jae-Eun Lee
Adela Urcan
Evgeny Makhtin
Rennosuke Fukuda
Andry Richaud
Cécile Subirana
NN
Seconds violons
Peter Szüts
Nicolas Delclaud
Dimitri Isakov
Frédéric Gheorghiu
Nicolas Slusznis
Alexandre Guerchovitch
Gian Battista Ermacora
Laetitia Abraham
Katalin Szüts-Lukacs
Eric Thoreux
Raluca Hood-Marinescu
Andriy Ostapchuk
Sofija Radic
Hubert Touzery
Altos
François Méreaux
Federico Andres Hood
François Duchesne
Charles Lockie
Mireille Wojciechowski
Sofia Timofeeva
Tristan Dely
Raphaël Chazal
Ying Xiong
Thomas Bouzy
Ruggero Mastrolorenzi
Sophie Mouson
Violoncelles
Thierry Amadi
Delphine Perrone
Alexandre Fougeroux
Florence Riquet
Bruno Posadas
Thomas Ducloy
Patrick Bautz
Florence Leblond
Thibault Leroy
Caroline Roeland
Contrebasses
Matthias Bensmana
Tarik Bahous
NN
Mariana Vouytcheva
Jenny Boulanger
Sylvain Rastoul
Eric Chapelle
Dorian Marcel
Flûtes
Anne Maugue
Raphaëlle Truchot Barraya
Delphine Hueber
Piccolo
Malcy Gouget
Hautbois & cor anglais
Matthieu Bloch
Matthieu Petitjean
Martin Lefèvre
Ho Ting Tsui
Clarinettes
Marie-B. Barrière-Bilote
Véronique Audard
Petite clarinette
Diana Sampaio
Clarinette basse
Augustin Carles
Bassons
Arthur Menrath
Jules Postel
Michel Mugot
Contrebasson
Frédéric Chasline
Cors
Patrick Peignier
Andrea Cesari
Didier Favre
Bertrand Raquet
Laurent Beth
David Pauvert
Trompettes
Matthias Persson
Gérald Rolland
Samuel Tupin
Rémy Labarthe
Trombones
Jean-Yves Monier
Gilles Gonneau
Ludovic Milhiet
Tuba
Florian Wielgosik
Timbales & Percussions
Julien Bourgeois
Mathieu Draux
Antoine Lardeau
Noé Ferro
Harpe
Sophia Steckeler
PERSONNEL DE SCENE
Directeur technique
Olivier Perin
Directeur de scène
Xavier Laforge
Régisseur principal
Elisabetta Acella
Régisseur de scène
Jérôme Chabreyrie
Régisseurs lumières
Enza d’Auria
Léa Smith
Régisseur sur-titrage
Sarah Caussé
Régisseur enfants
Laëtitia Estiot
Chefs machinistes
Olivier Kinoo
Yann Moreau
Chefs d’équipe machinistes
Stephane Gualde
Franck SATIZELLE
Machiniste décorateur
Laurent Barcelo
Machiniste serrurier
Schama Imbert
Pupitreurs machinerie
Samuel Charieras
Jean-Philippe Faraut
David M‘Bappé
Machinistes de spectacle
Francomarah AUGUSTIN
Heathcliff BONNET
Jean François CHOPIN
Morgan DUBOUIL
Khalid NEGRAOUI
Scott TASSONE
Camille TAULELLE
Chef électricien et vidéo
Benoît Vigan
Chef électricien adjoint
Gaël Le Maux
Chef électricien adjoint
Nicolas Alcaraz
Pupitreurs lumières
Grégory Masse
Marie-Louise Suaud
Chef audiovisuel adjoint
Felipe Manrique
Technicien audiovisuel
Matteo Gesta
Electriciens de spectacle
Guillaume BREMOND
Thibault CALIGARIS
Grégory CAMPANELLA
Florian CAPELLO
Ludovic DRUIT
Marine GENNA COSTA
Romain LA BARBERA
Chef accessoiriste
Audrey Moravec
Chef accessoiriste adjoint
Franck Escobar
Accessoiristes
Landry BASILE
Roland BIREN
Emilie JEDWAB-WROCLAWSKI
Chef costumière-habilleuse
Eliane Mezzanotte
Chef costumière-habilleuse adjointe
Emilie Bouneau
Chef Habilleuse adjointe
Véronique TETU
Couturiers habilleurs
Roxane AVELLO
Christian CALVIERA
Florence CHAPUIS RINALDINO
Sandrine DUBOIS
Edwige GALLI
Karinne MARTIN
Stéphanie PUTEGNAT
Lauriane SENET
Chef perruquière-maquilleuse
Déborah Nelson
Chef maquilleuse adjointe
Alicia Bovis
Coiffeuses
Corinne PAULÉ
Marilyn RIEUL
Maquilleurs
Sophie KILIAN TERRIEN
Agnès LOZANO
Francine RICHARD
Billetterie
Responsable billetterie
Virginie Hautot
Responsable adjointe billetterie
Jenna Brethenoux
Service billetterie
Ambre Gaillard
Dima Khabout
Assmaa Moussalli
A dungeon in Aljafería Castle, Zaragoza. The troubadour and valiant soldier Manrico has been taken prisoner by Count Luna, his fierce political enemy, who uses violence and blackmail to win Manrico’s bride Leonora over to himself. Manrico has fallen asleep, while Leonora enters. She finds Azucena in a dreamlike stupor with her eyes staring into the void.
Azucena (muttering to herself): History repeats itself: years ago, Luna’s father burnt my mother to death for trying to look into his newborn son’s future. Luna, the baby’s elder brother, is taking revenge on me for this now. He will throw me onto the stake in a few hours, while I am clearly seeing before me all things future and past!
Leonora (softly): Azucena, I came to tell Manrico that he will go free. I promised to marry Luna if he lets Manrico go first. But I have taken poison and will die before such a marriage can be consumed – Manrico is my only true husband!
Azucena (irritably): Once again, an innocent woman forsakes her own dreams and surrenders her life to get her man out of trouble…
Leonora: But isn’t that what we learn from the ancient myths and stories that pervade our Western culture? They are mainly created by men…
Azucena: Fortunately, people like Verdi and Wagner begin to introduce different female images into their oeuvre. Yes, it is still the pure, submissive ones like you, who usually save their husbands. But here, with me, you are juxtaposed with a strong, independent, often sexually more attractive counterpart…
Leonora: Society changes, and so do theatregoers… But speaking about Verdi, it is surprising that he chooses a gypsy as a main character and makes us feel so sympathetic towards you, maybe more than for any of the others.
Azucena: Absolutely. And my music is quite different from yours – it is full of strong, repetitive rhythms, there is an abruptness in the vocal lines, an element of wildness and hysteria. Also, you can often hear the flames of the fire constantly torturing my mind…
Leonora: Do you think it is true that our story is incomprehensible?
Azucena: I would advise people to read the actual libretto, not a synopsis. There, everything unfolds logically, step by step. The composition is far more episodic than linear, however, and modern actually. Like an experimental film…
Il trovatore is a ghost story, a dark thriller that tells how the spectres of our need for revenge (for Azucena), our regrets (for Manrico), and our unfulfilled desires (for Luna) trap and ultimately destroy us.
Il trovatore is about the weight of the past, the past that haunts us, the past that shatters any possibility of the present, the future or love.
Only Leonora, like Fidelio’s Leonora, understands that love and the present moment are the only way forward, and she helps Manrico to accompany her, but Azucena, haunted by her mother and son burned alive, is the very channel through which the past casts its net of fire and consumes them.
The mistakes we make by refusing to live our present freely echo again and again, like the refrains of the troubadours’ ballads.
Francisco NEGRIN
DIRECTOR